PK ؚm6x0 0 refs.MYD ? Anon 2006# Renewable Energy: Turning the tides 20 The Engineern Wave; wave power; Alternative energy sources; Environmental impact; impact; Tidal; hydroelectric; Technology;
Periodical Jun 19, 2006 While the ability of nuclear power to fulfil the UK's spiralling energy demands is undisputed, the renewables 'death knell' is both premature and inaccurate. A consortium of UK engineering companies is proposing a multi-billion pound renewable project that, it claims, could generate 17TWh a year, meeting 5% of the country's annual electricity demands. The Severn Tidal Power Group (STPG) claims that the structure will exploit the unique tidal conditions of the Severn estuary, where a difference of 14m between high and low tides gives it the second highest tidal range in the world. The scheme has provoked some much publicised criticism from environmentalists who fear that it would destroy the habitat of many of the rare wading birds that live on the mudflats upstream of the barrage. On the face of it, however, it's a project with many more benefits than disadvantages, said STPG spokesman Roger Hull
[ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1064389491&Fmt=3&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD
20, ? Allen, J.R.L.;
Haslett, S.K.; 2006 Granulometric characterization and evaluation of annually banded mid-Holocene estuarine silts, Welsh Severn Estuary (UK): coastal change, sea level and climate 1418-1446 Quaternary Science Reviews 25 13-14 Severn; holocene; Transgression; sea-level; palaeoenvironments; palaeoclimate; Climate change; reconstruction; tidal systems;
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level Change
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats Holocene silts (salt marshes) and highest intertidal-supratidal peats are superbly exposed on a 15 km coastal transect which reveals two laterally extensive units of annually banded silts (Beds 3, 7) associated with three transgressive-regressive silt-peat cycles (early sixth-early fourth millennium BC). Bed 3 in places is concordantly and gradationally related to peats above and below, but in others transgresses older strata. Bed 7 also grades up into peat, but everywhere overlies a discordance. The banding in Bed 3 at three main and two minor sites was resolved and characterized texturally at high-resolution (2.5/5 mm contiguous slices) using laser granulometry (LS230 with PIDS) and a comprehensive scheme of data-assessment. Most of Bed 3 formed very rapidly, at peak values of several tens of millimetres annually, in accordance with modelled effects of sea-level fluctuations on mature marshes (bed concordant and gradational) and on marshes growing up after coastal erosion and retreat (bed with discordant base). Using data from the modern Severn Estuary, the textural contrast within bands, and its variation between bands, points to a variable but overall milder mid-Holocene climate than today. The inter-annual variability affected marsh dynamics, as shown by the behaviour of the finely divided plant tissues present. Given local calibration, the methodology is applicable to other tidal systems with banded silts in B e? f Carling, P.A.;
Radecki-Pawlik, A.;
Williams, J.J.;
Rumble, B.;
Meshkova, L.;
Bell, P.;
Breakspear, R.; 2006j The morphodynamics and internal structure of intertidal fine-gravel dunes: Hills Flats, Severn Estuary, UK 159-179 Sedimentary Geology 183 3-4 Gravel; Intertidal; Sediment dynamics; Hills Flats; hydrodynamics; sediments;
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats\ ht + ͜? Allen, J.R.L.; 2004y Annual textural banding in Holocene estuarine silts, Severn Estuary Levels (SW Britain): Patterns, cause and implications 536-552 Holocene 14 4 holocene; Severn; silts; sediments; sea-level; erosion and flooding; Severn Estuary Levels; sediment budget; quarternary; palaeoenvironments;
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level Change A high-resolution textural study has been made of laminated and banded estuarine silts exposed intertidally at representative localities and horizons in the Holocene deposits of the Severn Estuary Levels. The laminae, on a submillimetre to millimetre scale, are sharp-based, graded couplets formed of a lower silty part overlain by a finer-textured clayey element. The centimetre- to decimetre-scale banding is formed of laminae in alternating, gradually intergrading sets of relatively coarse and relative fine-grained examples. At outcrop in the field, the banding is recognizable because the coarse sets prove to be recessive to varying degrees under the influence of weathering and current action. Independent evidence at two localities points toward an annual origin for the banding; at a third it arose during part of what appears to have been a relatively short period. Quantified physical arguments suggest that the textural banding is a response of suspended fine sediment to marked seasonal changes in sea temperature and windiness. The banded silts occur in four distinct stratigraphical contexts and record high deposition rates (order 0.01-0.1 m/yr). Because physical factors determine their textures, the silts potentially afford insights in all contexts into aspects of changing Holocene climatic conditions. In one context, the thickness of the bands points to high (order 0.01-0.1 m/yr) but comparatively short-lived (order 10s-100s yrs) rates of relative water-level rise. In the others, however, the banding has no implications for sea-level behaviour, and simply records gross environmental disequilibrium, for example, the recovery of mudflats/marshes after an erosional episode. Similarly, because on account of their rapid accumulation the banded silts preserve animal and human tracks and trackways especially well, they provide an archive of animal and human behaviour in the area during the Holo ? 0 Cole, J.A.;
Oakes, D.B.;
Slade, S.;
Clark, K.J.; 1994p Potential impacts of climatic change and of sea-level rise on the yields of aquifer, river and reservoir sources 591-606@ Journal of the Institution of Water and Environmental Management 8 6 climate change; sea-level rise; impact; severn; modeling; comparative; hydrodynamics; flooding; erosion; saline interface;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems
Climate Change: Regional/Local
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level Change
Using regional statistics of daily rainfall, a simple water-balance model was employed to generate runoff sequences with which to simulate the yield storage behaviour of reservoirs in south-east England, in north-west England, and North Wales. Similarly sequences of recharge to an unconfined aquifer in stem England were the basis of deriving its yield rage behaviour. Then, taking scenarios of the year 2030 rainfall and evaporation, provided by the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit, reductions in yield were calculated to be 5-15% below sent-day values. For direct supply reservoirs, greater percentage reductions in yield were found to apply to the south-east region, as compared to the north-west. The results from the aquifer example are interpreted on a novel basis which allows an immediate comparison with the surface reservoir examples. Coastal sea-water intrusion was modelled for three common geological conditions (i) the Grimsby Chalk confined), (ii) the Brighton Chalk (unconfined), and (iii) the Otter Valley Sandstone (unconfined). In all three cases the effect of a possible 0.6 m rise in mean level was shown to have only a marginal effect on sustainable yields, which reduced by about 1.5%. Estuarine fresh-salt water interfaces are important the abstraction regime of freshwater intakes in the lower reaches of rivers. The effect of a 0.6-m sea-level rise on the saline interface location at high tide was evaluated by hydrodynamic computational models. Only a minor inland shift of the interface was found, less than 800 m in the Thames tideway and less than 500 m in the Lune estuary. The Sevem estuary is exceptional in having its saline interface move 3.5 km landwards for the same 0.6-m rise in mean sea level.
Coastal sea-water intrusion was modeled for three common geological conditions. In all three cases, the effect of a possible 0.6 m rise in mean sea level was shown to have only a marginal effect on substantial yields behavior of reservoirs, which reduced by about 1.5%. Meanwhile, estuarine fresh-salt water interfaces are important to the abstraction regime of freshwater intakes in the lower reaches of rivers. The effect of a 0.6 m sea-level rise on the saline interface location at high tide was evaluated by the hydrodynamic computational models. Only a minor inland shift of the interface was found, less than 800 m in the Thames tideway and less than 500 m in the Lune estuary. The Severn estuary is exceptional in having its saline interface move 3.5 km landwards for the same 0.6 m rise in mean sea level. j kT? Cooper, B.;
Dun, R.; 1995$ Swansea Bay Coastline Response Study 491-498) Directions in European Coastal Management Healy, M.G.;
Doody, J.P.; Cardigan, UK Samara Publishing Limited Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level Change
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments
Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Technology; information management; coastal management; modeling; capacity building; Swansea Bay; sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; It coments on D? ! ? Brown, J.;
Spurr, N.;
Ballinger, R.C.;
Havard, M.;
Worrall, D.; 1998h The Severn Estuary Strategy: a non-statutory approach to the integrated management of a large UK estuaryA Coastal Zone Canada '98. Coastal Communities in the 21st Century" Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Strategic Policy; zoning; Shoreline; coastal management; iczm; legislation; ngos; Severn; public policy; coastal fora; coastal partnership; czm; coastal zone mangement;
Adaptation: I5 WD? Ballinger, R.C.;
Brown, J.; 1998w An Evaluation of Development Policy from an Estuary Management Perspective: a case study of the Severn Estuary Area, UKf Littoral '98. Fourth International Conference European Coastal Association for Science and Technology Barcelona Eurocoast ICM; Severn; development policy; Coastal management; estuary management; integrated coastal management; estuary; Littoral 98;
Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
Adaptation: Strat9 ? Knowles, S.;
Myatt-Bell, L.; 2001G The Severn Estuary Strategy: a consensus approach to estuary management 135-159 Ocean and Coastal Management 44 12 coastal management; Management; management strategy; estuary; ICM; severn; severn estuary
d?
Stojanovic, T.A.; 2002L Coastal Strategies in England and Wales: Principles for Managing Information
PhD Thesis Cardiff Cardiff University icm; coastal management; information management; coastal fora; severn; management; Coastal partnership;
Adaptation: Institutional Capacity PhD^ Integrated Coastal Management is a form of environmental management that focuses on the geographically specific issues of coastal areas. Coastal areas face particular pressures such as sea level rise, conflicts in the use of space, exploitation of coastal resources, and problems caused by the development of human settlements at the coast. In order to manage these issues, large amounts of information from disparate sources are required. The thesis aims to explain the principles that might be used to manage this information.
The investigation begins by analysing existing empirical studies and finds evidence for nine methodological principles in Integrated Coastal Management. Four key topics are identified from the information science literature: information requirements, information flows, information processes and information frameworks. These are then measured in four case study areas: Essex Estuaries, Ceredigion Coast, Severn Estuary and Chichester Harbour. The results produce evidence, across all cases, for mechanisms that help public, private and voluntary organisations to co-operate in sharing coastal information. Coastal managers are faced with information overload, but there are an array of Information and Communication Technologies that could potentially help.
In essence, the thesis concludes that a holistic approach is needed to develop frameworks for managing coastal information. The solutions are likely to consist of a combination of technical tools, organisational policies and individual actions. The thesis identifies sixty-six 'archetypes' and summarises them in a mid range theory.
The conclusions are related to the work of coastal management initiatives. In England and Wales, such initiatives have been established as non-statutory partnerships, to undertake planning and management, and produce strategies for 50-300km stretches of coast or discrete ecosystems such as estuaries. Coastal Strategies provide opportunities for concerted action. The thesis offers a practical model for implementation, as well as contributing to broader theories in Environmental Management and Information Science.x School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, University of Wales, Cardiff.o k ?q = Cook, G.T.;
MacKenzie, A.B.;
Naysmith, P.;
Anderson, R.; 1998K Natural and anthropogenic super(14)C in the UK coastal marine environment 89-111' Journal of Environmental Radioactivity; 40 1 environmental assessment;
sediment quality; water quality;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn; carbon;
contamination; baseline; background;
radioactivity;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants f Prior to this study, almost no up-to-date information was available on the `background' level of super(14)C present in the water and biota of the UK coastal marine environment. The weighted mean super(14)C activity derived from the lowest activities of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and biota for sites which are remote from potential sources is 247.6 plus or minus 1.0 Bq kg super(-1) carbon. This is proposed as the best estimate of the natural/weapons testing `background' for 1995 and should be subtracted from the activity derived for any sample to establish the excess due to UK anthropogenic inputs. super(14)C activities in the DIC component of seawater and a range of marine biota are significantly enhanced above the expected `background' value in the environment around the British Nuclear Fuels plc reprocessing plant at Sellafield, Cumbria, NW England and Amersham International plc, Cardiff, Wales. The enrichments around Sellafield are largely confined to the NE Irish Sea while those at Cardiff are confined to the Severn Estuary. The dose from super(14)C to the Sellafield seafood-consuming critical group (<4 mu Sv) for this study, derived using the best estimate baseline super(14)C values, is in good agreement with other works which produced a value of 3 mu Sv, also for 1995. There is either variability in the kinetics of response of the biota to changes in discharge or significant differences in the pools from which the biota derive their carbon. Investigation of these factors is of fundamental importance if this area of research is to proceed towards deriving changes in dose due to changes in discharge. ISSN 0265-931X Affiliation Scottish Universities Research ak ?
Allen, J.R.L.;
Duffy, M.J.; 1998 Medium-term sedimentation on high intertidal mudflats and salt marshes in the Severn Estuary, SW Britain: The role of wind and tide 1-27 Marine Geology; 150 1-4 Severn; sediment budget; erosion; Salt marshes; Tidal currents; Tidal; Wave; Sea-level; mudflats; wind; impact;
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level Change
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and SedimentsB Six sites monitored monthly on salt marshes and mudflats in the middle and outer Severn Estuary gave potentially predictive-retrodictive relationships between the vertical response of the sedimentary surface (erosion/accretion), a factor reflecting tidal heights, and the wind-wave power-supply. The continuing rise of relative sea level in the area, at the rate of a few millimetres annually, is providing accommodation space at a pace low enough to permit the continuing vertical build-up of the salt marshes throughout the estuary. On the mudflats, wind and tidal conditions during the survey maintained an accretionary regime in the middle estuary but an erosional one in the outer part. The Severn Estuary is a system in delicate balance which is likely to respond dramatically to modest chaK Ό? Allen, J.R.L.;
Duffy, M.J.; 1998 Temporal and spatial depositional patterns in the Severn Estuary, southwestern Britain: Intertidal studies at spring-neap and seasonal scales, 1991-1993 147-171 Marine Geology: 146 1-4 Severn; erosion and flooding; tidal; sediment dynamics; mudflats;
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments` The estuary is a high-energy and very variable system, with a hypertidal, semidiurnal tidal regime. The amount and coarseness of the sediment trapped on filter papers, and the suspended silt concentration in the flood tidal front, were measured daily from mudflat and marsh stations at each of six sites during eight spring-neap cycles spread over a two-year period. Four of the cycles were associated with vernal equinoxes and four with autumnal equinoxes. River discharge, wind speed, tidal height and the suspended sediment concentration all affect the amount and texture of the trapped mud. Complex tidal patterns are unlikely to be registered other than very imperfectly in these tidal deposits. At any site, the silts deposited on the mudflats are slightly coarser than those accreted on the marshes. Both marsh and mudflat deposits tend to become less sandy but more clayey toward the mouth of the estuary. The sediments trapped on the mudflats and marshes during vernal equinoxes tend at a site to be sandier and less clayey than their autumnal counterparts. As the vernal and autumnal, equinoctial tidal regimes are virtually identical, and river discharge has a negligible influence, winter storminess and the substantial annual change in water temperature, affecting viscosity, may largely be the explanation, with biological factors possibly augmenting the effect.[ htt j ϸ? Allen, J.R.L.;
Haslett, S.K.; 2002p Buried salt-marsh edges and tide-level cycles in the mid-Holocene of the Caldicot Level (Gwent), South Wales, UK 303-324 Holocene 12 3 SEVERN; Foraminifera; Bioindicators; Holocene; Salt marshes; Tidal; sediment dynamics;
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level Change
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats Combining stratigraphical, sedimentological and biofacial (foraminifera) approaches, a high-resolution, time-constrained study has been made of a mid-Holocene (c. 5800-4900 14C yrs BP) estuarine succession (c. 2 m) continuously exposed for 1.75 km between two major, late-Holocene palaeochannels. The succession displays great lateral variation in bed thickness and facies; bounded by two laterally extensive peats, it consists of silts split by an impersistent, thin peat. A depositional hiatus gradually rises southwestward through the silts from the top of the lower extensive peat to the base of the higher bed, dividing the succession into two depositional sequences. Sequence I, restricted to the southwestern part of the section, ranges from the lower peat to the sharp top of a thin, laterally impersistent, silty peat (cockle-bed peat). It presents vertically symmetrical patterns of texture and environment, broadly from organic marsh and high salt marsh to middle marsh and back to high marsh. Sequence II, overlying the depositional break, is best developed in the northeastern and central parts of the section, beginning in the latter with an erosively based silt (cockle bed) with a life-assemblage of Cardium edule, Hydrobia ventrosa and ostracods. Environmentally, Sequence II is vertically symmetrical only in the northeastern section, where a high salt marsh was succeeded by a low/middle marsh followed by a high marsh overlain by an organic marsh. Asymmetrical patterns of texture and environment prevail in the central section, where the cockle bed appears. Through annually banded deposits that progressively coarsen, a mudflat or low marsh gave way upward to a middle marsh and finally to high and then organic marshes. Sequence I registers a rise of tide level lasting several hundred radiocarbon years. It appears to represent an estuarine marsh with a depositional edge which overlooked to the northeast a largely exposed shelf formed by the lower extensive peat. Sequence II arose much more rapidly, during a further tide-level rise that lasted only 100-200 years. A new marsh formed in the northeastern part of the section, but a wide, brackish, rapidly infilling embayment lay between this marsh and the previous one to the southwest. Differential autocompaction strongly influenced the rate of accumulation of both sequences, creating bed thickness variations of twofold or more. The mid-Holocene estuary experienced subtle, local geographical changes in addition to the gross changes indicated by the silt-peat alternation.[ http://w_ p? = Haslett, S.K.;
Strawbridge, F.;
Martin, N.A.;
Davies, C.F.C.; 2001 Vertical saltmarsh accretion and its relationship to sea-level in the Severn Estuary, U.K: An investigation using foraminifera as tidal indicators 143-153$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 52 1 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Change Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments
Severn; bioindicators; foraminifera; Salt marsh; accretion; sea-level; tidal; climate change;? Saltmarsh vertical accretion has been used as a proxy for sea-level rise in previous studies on the assumption that accretion is in quasi-equilibrium with sea-level rise. This assumption requires verification in each case, as accretion may lag or exceed sea-level rise, leading to under- or over-estimates of sea-level rise, respectively. Verification may be provided by biostratigraphic analysis, where biological remains in saltmarsh sediments may be related to former tide levels. Foraminifera are well-suited, as studies of modern saltmarshes have demonstrated distinct tidal relationships which may be used to calibrate downcore/temporal foraminifera sequences. It is hypothesized that, depending on the relationship between sea-level rise and accretion, quasi-equilibrium, submergence, and emergence foraminifera sequences may be recognized. These are explored here in a Severn Estuary (U.K.) saltmarsh, where an emergence foraminifera sequence is identified, suggesting that previous sea-level rise rates for the Severn Estuary, based on saltmarsh accretion rates, may be over-estimates. Wider consequences of this may include over-estimation of regional crustal subsidence rates, required to accommodate artificially high sea-level rise rates. Saltmarsh accretion rates are clearly not a suitable proxy for sea-level rise in all cases, and as such each saltmarsh requires biostratigraphic evaluation to establish sea-level rise/accretion relationships. Preferably, independent Sea-Level Index Points (SLIPs) should be used over saltmarsh accretion rates in constructing sea-level histories. [ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035{ z? + French, P.W.;
Allen, J.R.L.;
Appleby, P.G.; 1994v 210-lead dating of a modern period saltmarsh deposit from the Severn Estuary (southwest Britain), and its implications 327-334 Marine Geology 118 3-4 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments
Severn; dating techniques; salt marsh; sediment; pollutants; lead; accretion; sea-level; The Pb-210 dating of a saltmarsh section from the mid-Severn Estuary has facilitated the construction of a chronology based on the temporal variation of commonly occurring pollutants, namely particulate coal dust, copper, lead and zinc. The chronology identifies three significant datum levels at 1958 +/- 4 years, 1950 +/- 4 years and 1933 +/- 7 years, based on the temporal trends of pollutants within the sediment sequence. Based on the Pb-210 dates of the deposits at these levels, averaged vertical saltmarsh accretion rates for the studied section can be shown to be between 0.35 and 0.40 cm yr-1. It is therefore concluded that the marsh area studied is accreting vertically at a rate comparable to local sea-level rise. [ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?ej ? Allen, J.R.L.; 1992C Tidally influenced marshes in the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain 123-147 Saltmarshes Severn; Salt marsh; tidal; biodiversity; intertidal;
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments[ http[ ? Martin, M.H.;
Beckett, C.L.; 1992+ Heavy metal pollution in the Severn Estuary 105-112R The Coast of Avon Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society (Special Issues) Crowther, P; Bristol Naturalists' Society Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; sediment; pollutants; pollution; Severn; heavy metals; baseline;[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026482714&partner= lP? Crowther, P.R.; 1992 The Coast of Avon 112R The Coast of Avon Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society (Special Issues) Crowther, P.R.;- Bristol Naturalists' Society (1 April 1992) SEVERN; geology; geography; natural history; heavy metals; pollutants; wetland; archeology; naturalists society;
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems A collection of eight individually authored papers (abstracted separately) on the geology, geography and natural history of the region. Topics covered include heavy metal pollution in the Severn Estuary; regional geology; and post-glacial wetland geology and geoarchaeology. -[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/rec[ {H? Gibson, J.; 1980W Coastal zone management law: a case study of the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel 153-165' Journal of Planning and Environment Law Marchv coastal zone mangement; coastal management; development; Severn; legislation;
Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/recor ? Reina, P.; 1998v Welsh Waterfront Barrier Generates a Barrage of Controversy; Structure to Allow Development, but is Decried by Greens 38 ENR 240 2 Infrastructure; cardiff bay; development; Severn; Welsh Assembly; environmental impact; barrage; cost;
Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering Periodical, Cover story
January 12 A 1.1-kilometer-long barrage under construction at Cardiff Bay, in Wales, will neither generate power nor store drinking water. The dam-like barrier will exist solely to block tides of the Severn Estuary that now limit development. The project's owner believes that urban regeneration is worth the $340-million investment but environmentalists counter that destroying 200 hectares of habitat is too high a price. The European Commission decided not to challenge the project as long as officials compensated for environmental impacts. Y http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=25509515&sid=
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X? Vale, J.A.; 1991< Atmospheric Deposition of Heavy Metals to the Severn Estuary 372 PhD Scotland Univeristy of Stirling environmental assessment; water quality; pollution; trace metals; sediment; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; contamination; baseline; aerial input;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants October 1992 The atmospheric inputs to the Severn Estuary of the metals cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc and aluminium were determined by collecting total deposition samples from eleven sites within and around the estuary. Samples were collected in NILU RS1 total deposition sampling devices biweekly over a period of fifteen months and analysed at Wessex Water Plc's Saltford Laboratory for metal content.
The sodium and chloride content of the samples were also analysed for evidence of incursion of sea-spray to the samples (Maritime Effect) and hence recycling of metals. An array of sampling devices was also placed at Northwick Landfill site to test for this phenomenon.
The total metal input to the Severn Estuary was determined by interpolation (using linear, Log$\sb{10},$ Log$\sb{\rm e}$ and square root methods) of the point deposition data across the water surface by means of isoplething. The area between isopleths was calculated and a mean metal input derived. On the basis of the data transformations the most reliable estimates for metal inputs (kgday$\sp{-1})$ were: Cd - 0.84, Cu - 8.64-8.68, Cr - 1.93-1.94, Ni - 2.75-2.80, Pb - 62.8, Zn - 96.07 and Al - 0.31.
In comparison to earlier estimates (1978/9) these results show that there has been considerable decline in aerial metal inputs to the Severn Estuary by one to two orders of magnitude. The decline was attributed to improved methodologies as well as a real decrease in metal inputs. Recent reports have also indicated that the overall water quality of the Severn Estuary has improved.
The Avonmouth area was identified as an important source area for all metals although significant, secondary sources of Cr and Ni appear to exist in the outer estuary that emanated from South Wales.
There was an absence of clear seasonal variation in metal deposition although there was marked fluctuation between sampling periods indicating either variable emission rates or meteorological conditions. The deposition of metals also appeared to be dominated by wet processes.
There was no conclusive evidence for the existence of the Maritime Effect although more research is needed into this phenomenon in the Severn Estuary.
Z http:// ,?
Suckling, H.; 1989[ Modelling Of Hydrodynamic Effects And Optimization Of Energy Benefit In Tidal Power Schemes 1375 Council for National Academic Awards (United Kingdom) PhD5 Council for National Academic Awards (United Kingdom)e Severn; barrage; tidal power; modeling; tidal; hydrodynamics; severn;
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal P
Predictions of energy output from a barrage in the Severn Estuary can be made by using a mathematical model describing the operation of the barrage linked to one of tidal flow. Estimates of the likely energy production from such a barrage have been made using a flat surface model of the estuary which incorporates real machinery operating characteristics. The flow through the barrage can be controlled optimally in order to obtain the greatest amount of energy from the tides. The energy predictions made by using the flat surface model are examined using a hydrodynamic model of flow in the estuary.
A simple one-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the tidal flow in the Severn Estuary is presented. The area of the estuary under consideration is that which lies between approximately Berkeley in Gloucestershire and Ilfracombe on the North Devon coast. The only open boundary is assumed to be the seaward boundary. No account is taken of flow into the estuary from rivers. Finite amplitude shallow water wave equations, together with a representation of bottom friction, are used to describe the tidal behaviour in the estuary. The cross-sectional topography of the estuary is assumed to be a rectangle. The boundary conditions are that there is no flow through the landward boundary and the water level at the seaward boundary is a known function of time.
The equations are solved numerically as a system of ordinary differential equations. A simple Rungle-Kutta method is used. The model is used to obtain predictions of the level and time of high and low tide at certain points along the estuary. The results are compared with those obtained by using another, but more complex, one-dimensional model. In the region of computation, the accuracy of the results of the two models are comparable. The effect of varying both the coefficient of friction and the form of the friction term is examined. The effect of linearizing the governing equations is also studied.
A model of a tidal power barrage, sited between Weston-super-Mare and Cardiff, is then incorporated into the hydrodynamic model. The operation of the barrage is determined by using an open loop control, obtained by using a flat surface model of the estuary. The extent to which hydrodynamic effects may modify the energy predictions made by the flat surface are examined. Variation of the time at which generation is allowed to start is found to affect the amount of energy predicted by the hydrodynamic model.
The costate equations, which are necessary for the solution of the optimal control problem are derived, but the solution of these equations is not presented.
Z http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=747065121&
? Imienwanrin, A.; 1989W Palaeomagnetism and magnetic fabric of recent sediments from the Severn Estuary system Southampton University of Southampton Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments
sediment composition; palaeomagnetism; severn; Comparative; sediment dynamics; paleoenvironments; z The palaeomagnetism and magnetic fabric of unconsolidated recent sediments from eight Severn Estuary cores and one Irish Sea core have been investigated. Most specimens displayed high remanence stability and a stable characteristic component of magnetisation was isolated during progressive a.f. demagnetisation. All cores reveal palaeomagnetic inclination errors of variable magnitude which can be grouped into two types. This grouping has been used to identify the presence of two major types of sediment deposition processes within the Severn Estuary. Curie point determinations, XRD analyses of magnetic mineral separates and IRM acquisition curve analyses confirm that single domain titanomagnetite is the principal carrier of the magnetic remanence.
The primary magnetic fabric identified for these cores is characteristic of sediments deposited in the presence of strong bottom currents. Four cores display lineation which are parallel to the channel axis and five cores display lineation which are oblique to this axis. From the orientation of the Kmax axes, a sediment circulation pattern which envisages a south-easterly drift of fine materials in Bridgwater Bay and a north-westerly drift in the Newport Deep area, as well as a shoreward transport in both areas has been proposed.
The presence of a high redox potential identified from the downcore behaviour of the NRM intensity and susceptibility values of specimens from cores BC263, BC264 and BC266 has been confirmed by the result of IRM and geochemical analyses. These results have been used to confirm the existence of two major types of sediment deposition processes within the Estuary. Sewage and industrial inputs into the estuary enhance the carbon content of the esturaine sediments and may have contributed significantly to the onset of the high redox potential in some parts of the study area.
Results of remanence anisotropy measurements carried out on thirteen specimens from core BC264 show good agreement with those of susceptibility analyses and suggest that a combination of both these methods should provide additional information concerning the domain-state of the magnetic minerals.
Z http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?di
? North, C.P.; 1988l Structure and Sedimentology of the Mercia Mudstone Group (Upper Triassic) Severn Estuary Region, SW Britain 289 Ph.D. Bristol University of Bristolt sediment dynamics; Severn; geology; stratigraphy; palaeoenvironments; Mesozoic; hydrodynamics; sedimentary systems; > The aims of the study were to elucidate the depositional environment of the MMG in the Severn Estuary region, assess the influence of tectonics on sedimentation, and attempt to resolve whether the Early Mesozoic basins of SW Britain formed as a result of NW-SE directed tension or simultaneous N-S and E-W stretching.
The facies types and relationships in the MMG indicate that the Severn Estuary region was on the fringe of the main Triassic depocentres in the east and south. Post-Variscan deposition did not begin here until Norian times. Coarse alluvial-fan gravels interdigitate with the interbedded sandstones and siltstones of a sheetwash-dominated sandflat environment; these in turn interdigitate with red soil-bearing playa mudstones. The overall setting was that of an enclosed intermontane basin at the centre of which was a generally-dry playa mudflat. Fluvial processes dominated the region, and, in contrast to the similar age sequences nearby in South Wales, there are no sediments to suggest the presence of a perennial lake. Aeolian processes modified the environment and may have supplied much of the silt and clay. Pedogenesis was a major process on the mudflat and distal sandflats. Dolomite diagenesis was coeval with deposition. Sulphate minerals in the mudstones, and much of the dolomite, were the product of illuvial pedogenic processes not evaporative processes as has previously been thought.
Two fracture systems have been identified in the MMG of the Severn Estuary region on the basis of fracture architecture and incompatibilites in fault-slip data. The older system is characterised by zones of steeply inclined to vertical WNW-striking sinistral strike-slip faults with related secondary shear and extension fractures. The younger system is characterised by roughly coeval orthogonal extension joints striking NW-SE and NE-SW.
From the work carried out, there is little to suggest a major tectonic control on the sedimentation in this region during the Late Triassic. The bed thicknesses and the presence of stacked vertisols, strongly indicate that it was the fluctuation between relatively wet and relatively dry periods that was the major control on sedimentation. Based on the length of time required to produce vertic soil profiles, it is surmised that such fluctuations would have been of the order of a few hundred years. Z http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=747049301&Fmt=2&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD 9D? Beckett, C.L.; 1986* Heavy metals in Severn Estuary Ecosystems University of Bristol Bristol Univeristy of Bristol environmental assessment;
sediment quality;
water quality;
trace metals;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
baseline;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants Unpublished PhD ThesisX Available from Center for Research Libraries http://www.crl.edu/content/DissLinkPQDD.aspZ http:/ ? Anon 20060 Severn barrage scheme gets politicians' support 12 Professional Engineering 19 8 Wave;
wave power;
Renewable energy;
Environmental impact;
impact;
Tidal;
hydroelectric;
Energy policy;
Political behavior;
Welsh Assembley;
STPG;
Severn tidal power group; May 3 Politicians have backed the idea of a barrage across the River Severn, but not the scheme proposed by a local businessman. Welsh first minister Rhodri Morgan has said the Welsh Assembly will recommend that the UK government reappraise the scheme as part of its energy review. However, it is the proposal from the Severn Tidal Power Group, a coalition of four leading engineering and construction companies, that is receiving the politicians' support, rather than a scheme by property developer, Gareth Woodham.\ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1038179201&Fmt=3&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD
12? Anon 2006( Welsh energy barrage aims to tap Severn 1 Planning 1666_ Cost;
Renewable energy;
Barrage;
NGOs;
Energy policy;
Political behavior;
Welsh Assembley; April 28 Full text:
A barrage spanning the Severn estuary to generate power was officially proposed by the Welsh Assembly Government this week.
The £10 billion structure would stretch between Lavernock Point and Brean Down. It could generate as much power as two nuclear plants over the next 150 years, the assembly claimed in its energy review submission.
Energy minister Andrew Davies said: "Through its life the barrage would produce zero-carbon electricity on a totally predictable, low-cost and reliable basis. It could also have considerable long-term financial investment attractions."
But Friends of the Earth Cymru director Julian Rosser warned that the structure would "wreck oneofthe most important wildlife sites in Europe". The group pointed out that the barrage would be located on a special conservation area that contains seven per cent of the UK's total estuary resource forwildlife.[ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1039655121&Fmt=3&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD 1 F?! Anon 2006 Severn barrage idea refloats Professional Engineering 19 7z Severn;
Renewable energy;
Environmental impact;
impact;
Tidal power;
hydroelectric;
Energy policy;
Welsh Assembley; April 12 Full text:
A WELSH entrepreneur has submitted to the government plans for a tidal power scheme with a barrage across the River Severn.
Gareth Woodham has established a company called Combined Innovations to revive interest in a barrier, which would stretch from Brean Down, south of Weston-super-Mare, to Lavernock Point, near Barry.
Plans have been submitted to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, which is responsible for planning applications for such large schemes, and to the Department for Trade and Industry, which is responsible for the power generation aspects.
The Green Party in Bristol said it welcomed the idea of sustainable energy development but had misgivings about the scale of the project. Instead it would like a series of small-scale plants. Friends of the Earth Cymru is also a proponent of small-scale tidal lagoons, rather than a barrage.
Previous attempts to create a barrage across the Severn have been rejected at the planning stage.
[ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1029171791&Fmt=3&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD 13vO _?"
Baker, C.; 1991 Tidal Power 6 Energy Policy; 19 8 renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; barrage; Bristol channel; hydroelectric; modeling; technology; feasibility study; comparative;
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal October The tides represent a large and benign source of renewable energy that can be converted to electricity using well-proven technology. The tides are generated by the rotation of the earth within the gravitational fields of the sun and moon. In most circumstances, the best method of operating a tidal barrage is to trap the incoming tide at high water behind a barrage and release the water, through horizontal-axis turbines, from the basin to the sea during the 2nd part of the ebb tide and the first part of the next flood. The parts of the world where the tidal range and coastline are suitable for tidal barrages of substantial size and capable of generating electricity at an acceptable cost are relatively small in number, but the UK has a substantial share. In the UK, feasibility studies of tidal power schemes are in progress or have been completed of the following estuaries: 1. Severn, 2. Mersey, 3. Humber, 4. Conwy, 5. Wyre, and 6. Loughor. The economies of tidal power are critically dependent of the choice of discount rate. X http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1074551&Fmt=2&l d?#
Heald, D.; 1991! Accounting for the Severn Bridge 41& Financial Accountability & Management; 7 4 Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
Adaptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics
infrastructure; bridges; cost; Second severn crossing; M4; The Severn bridge links South Wales to southern England and is only one of 2 tolled crossings owned by the central government. The Severn Bridge Tolls Act 1965 required the publication of commercial-style "White Paper accounts," a consistent source that makes it possible to review the financial history to date of the Severn bridge. The bridge is an interesting example of a case of government deciding that a capital-intensive infrastructural facility should break-even over its life. Two principal factors explain the accumulating deficiencies on the bridge account: the failure of successive governments to maintain the bridge toll in real terms and the exceptional capital repairs required during the 1980s because of design faults and greater than expected loads. There are implications for the design of reporting systems for civil-service executive agencies and for the privatized, concession-style financing packages for transport infrastructure adopt j?$ Conway, A.; 19861 Tidal Power: A Matter of Faith, Hope, and Policy 4 Energy Policy ; 14 6 Renewable energy; hydroelectric; stpg; severn tidal power group; Tidal; tidal power; SEVERN; energy policy; modeling; environmental impact; impact; technology; barrage; power station; cost; feasibility study;
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal Decemeber Tidal power is being touted as one of the UK's most promising renewable resources as illustrated by the recent report of the Severn Tidal Power Group. The estuary of the River Severn is recognized as one of the best sites in the world for a tidal barrage with which to generate electricity on a large scale. Despite the promise of tidal power, countries, among them France and Canada, have been slow to take action. Tidal power has much in common with hydroelectricity, and the environmental impact of both can pose problems. For the policymaker, however, the biggest problems to its adoption are those associated with cost since a large investment is necessary, and many years must pass before investment in a tidal power project will result in any useful output or disposable income. The UK government has at last allocated more funding for studies of the feasibility of tidal power projects, and 2 schemes are being considered for development as proposed by the Severn Tidal Power Group. X http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1074243&Fmt=
s?%
Edwards, J.A. 1989; Port redevelopments in the Bristol Channel/Severn Estuary 3 Planner 75 Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
Ports; Harbours; Infrastructure; Docks; Development; u ?& Allen, J.R.L.; 1989> Reclamation and sea defence in Rumney Parish (Monmouthshire) 135-141 Archaeologia Cambrensis 137 Romano-Britain; Severn; Land Reclamation; Coastal defence; Levels; coastal management; Rumney; Monmouthshire
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments New evidence of Romano-British ditch system and Sixteenth century local repositioning of the seabank between rivers Usk and Rhymney on the Gwent coast ;' Allen, J.;
Fulford, M. G. 1990f Romano-British and later reclamations on the Severn salt marshes in the Elmore area, Gloucestershire 17-32F Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 108 Archeology; Romano-Britain; Romano-British; Antiquities; Severn; Estuary; Land Reclamation; Gwent; wetland; salt marshes;
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritageB Embankment and reclamation of wetland d< zT?( t Gardiner, J.;
Allen, M.J.;
Hamilton-Dyer, S.;
Laidlaw, M.;
Scaife, R.G.;
Clapham, A.;
Gale, R.;
Loader, E.; 2002X Making the most of it: late prehistoric pastoralism in the Avon Levels, Severn Estuary 1-39& Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 68 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
archeology; paleoenvironments; industry; holocene; sediment; wetland; roman-Britain; landscape change;y A combination of archaeological and palaeo environmental field work in the Avon Levels, western England, has enabled a much better understanding of the complex Holocene sedimentation in this part of the Severn Estuary, and of the close relationship between the upper part of that sequence and opportunities for exploitation of this wetland region during the later prehistoric and Romano British periods. Explores that relationship, focusing in particular on two Iron Age to Romano British sites: Hallen and Northwick. Concludes with an outline model for the human use of t?) Anon 2005 The Severn bridges 20-21
Wide World 16 4F severn; bridges; landscape; suspension bridge; partnership boundaries; April: The River Severn is the UK's longest river. The illustration shows the two motorway bridges that cross the Severn Estuary. The Severn Bridge is a suspension bridge that was opened in 1966 to link the motorway in England to the one in south Wales. The original motorway bridge is still open and now carries the M48. 20 ,?* Allen, J.R.L.;
Fulford, M.G.; 1990 Romano-British wetland reclamations at Longney, Gloucestershire, and evidence for the early settlement of the inner Severn Estuary 288-326 Antiquaries Journal; 70 2 Gloucestershire; Severn; Archeology; Romano-Britain; Romano-British; Reclamation; salt marshes; iron; heavy metals; contamination;
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage[ Suggests that wetland reclamation on left bank was mostly a feature of development of large villa estates, with alluvial settlements representing substantial, outlying farmsteads; iron making based on rich ores imported from Forest of Dean occurred at all wetland settlements on two banks, and locally ma @?+ $ Nayling, N.
Maynard, D.
McGrail, S. 19944 Barland's farm, Magor, Gwent: a Romano-Celtic boat 596-603 Antiquity 68 260q Archeology; Romano-British; Antiquities; Severn; boat;
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage September Recent excavations on the Gwent Levels, in the wetlands of the Severn estuary, have recovered substantial remains of a waterlogged boat, of pro ?, Nayling, N. 1996 The Magor Pill boat 180-183 Current Archaeology 149a Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Antiquities; Severn; boat; 9 In August 1994, a wooden post was discovered projecting up from the mud on the Severn foreshore; it appeared to be part of an ancient boat. Outlines the excavation of the site and the lifting of the vessel in August 1995, and the finds that indicated a 1_ &<?- Bell, M.;
Neumann, H.; 1997R Prehistoric intertidal archaeology and environments in the Severn Estuary, Wales 95-113 World Archaeology; 29 1 Archeology; Roman-Britain; Romano-British; Goldcliffe; Antiquities; Severn; Land Reclamation; landscape change; modeling; intertidal; industry;
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage June Estuaries have great archaeological potential for interdisciplinary research. Combines extensive survey of 25km of coast in the Severn Estuary, Wales, databased using Autocad and GIS, with more detailed investigation of 3km at Goldcliff. Demonstrates that coastal wetlands can preserve a diverse range of site types which contrasts with both terrestrial dryland contexts and other wetlands, such as the nearby Somerset Levels. Rectangular Bronze and Iron Age buildings, unique in Britain, trackways and other post settings are exposed on intertidal peat shelves. Activity on these former wetlands seems to have been essentially opportunistic and seasonal, with evidence for cattle grazing and perhaps fishing. Marine inundation in the Iron ?.
Mayes, J.; 1998F Orographic influences on local weather: a Bristol Channel case study 322-330
Geography 83 4j Climate Change: Regional/Local
coastline; orography; weather; meteorology; geography; moisture; airflow; October The variety of coastlines and orographic features around the Bristol Channel illustrate clearly the influence such local geographical features may have on local weather variations. Daily contrasts of maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine have been analysed for contrasting sites in south Wales and Somerset. The prevailing airflow type is found to be a key influence on the geographical distribution of local weather since it determines the degree of local exposure and shelter that particular locations experience in given weather situations. Daily weather observations can thus illustrate the interplay between geography and basic meteorological processes which involve the uplift and descent of air and associated chg r,?/ R Duquesne, S.;
Newton, L.C.;
Giusti, L.;
Marriott, S.B.;
Stärk, H.;
Bird, D.; 2006 Evidence for declining levels of heavy-metals in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, U.K. and their spatial distribution in sediments. 187-196 Environmental pollution; 143 2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; toxicity; contamination; baseline; industry; mining; benthic ecology; invertebrates; February Levels of heavy-metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) in suspended particulate and in surface and subsurface sediments were determined at seven locations in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. Sediment metal concentrations were highest at sites close to industrial centres but levels have decreased significantly over the last 30 years so that they are now close to, or meet, environmental quality guidelines. The greatest metal concentrations in deposited sediments were usually associated with the finest particulates at locations with muddy sediments, but this was not always true at sites with predominantly sandy sediments. The metals bound to suspended particulates at all sites were remarkably consistent, presumably reflecting the mixing capacity of this macro-tidal estuary. The re-exposure of older, more contaminated sediments could explain the observed differences between deposited and suspended material. Sediment redistribution due to strong seasonal currents might also explain the differences between winter and summer samples. * sH?0 ) Ergin, A.;
Williams, A.T.;
Micallef, A.; 2006. Coastal Scenery: Appreciation and Evaluation 958-964 Journal of Coastal Research 22 4k Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
landscape; coastal management; scenery; baseline; July Twenty-six parameters have been selected that delineate coastal scenery. These were obtained via consultation between coastal users and experts in the field. The parameters were assessed as to their priorities and weightings given. Application of fuzzy logic techniques enabled a decision parameter (D) to be calculated for any coastal scene. Over 100 worldwide coastal sites were analysed via the technique and a five-class differentiation obtained from D values.^ http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0749-0208&volume=22&issue=4&page=958 958 Ocean Engineering Research Centre, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Built Environment, Swansea Institute, University of Wales, Mount Pleasant, Swansea, Wales, U.K., allan.williams@virgin.net; International Hurricane Research Center, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, U.S.A; ICOD, Foundation for International Foundation Studm3 ʌF?1 ' Williams, J.J.
Carling, P.A.
Bell, P.S. 2006% Dynamics of intertidal gravel dunes * Journal of Geophysical Research C Oceans 111 6 Intertidal; sediment dynamics; SEVERN; tidal; hydrodynamics; erosion and flooding; sediment transport; Sediment;
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments June$ This paper examines the dynamics of intertidal gravel dunes subjected to high-energy unsteady and reversing tidal currents in the Severn Estuary, UK. The dunes were composed of shale particles with median grain size, D50, around 4 mm and had mean heights and wavelengths of 60 cm and 7 m, respectively. Acoustic instruments were deployed above a dune to measure the streamwise profile and flow turbulence. Radar was used to map a section of the dune field on two occasions. Measurements during the peak spring ebb tides showed that when the measured bed shear stress exceeded the threshold for entrainment of the coarse surface armor, sediments were eroded from the upper surface of the dune. The dune prograded in the direction of the ebb flow a distance O(1 m), and some eroded sediments were deposited on the stoss slope downstream. The dune was then reworked during the following flood tide to reestablish approximately the same pre-ebb profile shape and location. Radar data showed also that the exposed dunes at low water occupied approximately the same location over a period of 4 days during peak spring tides. The relationship between the depth-mean current and the net volume of dune sediments moved was found to conform to a power law. The predicted critical bed shear stress, D*tcrit, for D50 = 4 mm was approximately 1 N/m2. However, owing to a coarse armor layer on the surface of the dune, a measured D*tcrit value O(4 N/m2) was required to initiate dune erosion. Although the van Rijn formula was found to overestimate both the height and wavelength of dunes at this site, the dunes appear to be equilibrium bed forms controlled by local hydraulics and sediment supply. Sediment transport predicted by bed load formula were within a factor of two of the [# ̔?2 Worrall, D.H.; 19848 Diet of the dunlin Calidris alpina in the Severn Estuary 203 - 212 Bird Studies 31 3 diet; Calidris alba; dunlin; severn; ecology; biodiversity; birds; food web; Nereis diversicolor; Macoma balthica; hydrobia ulvae; prey;
Climate Change Impacts: Species g The diet of Dunlins in the Severn Esturay, South Wales, was studied by means of pellets, dropping and gizzards in which hard remains of the prey species could be counted and measured. Three major prey species predominated in the diet, Nereis diversicolor, Macoma balthica and hydrobia ulvae . Even though N. diversicolor remained the most important prey species throughout the season in terms of the dry weight of flesh ingested, a far greater volume of H. ulvae was consumed in the midwinter months. The sizes of both M. balthica and H. ulvae swallowed by thtK |?3 Goss-Custard, J.D.;
Warwick, R.M.;
Kirby, R.;
McGrorty, S.;
Clarke, R.T.;
Pearson, B.;
Rispin, W.E.;
Le V. Dit Durell, S.E.A.;
Rose, R.J.; 1991g Towards predicting wading bird densities from predicted prey densities in a post-barrage Severn Estuary 1004-1026 Journal of Applied Ecology; 28 3E Climate Change Impacts: Species
waders; birds; biodiversity; population studies; dunlin; Calidris alpina; redshank; Tringa totanus; Severn; barrage; grey plover; Pluvialis squatarola; bar-tailed godwits; black-tailed godwits; Limosa lapponica; Limosa limosa; curlew; Numenius arquata; oystercatcher; Haematopus ostragleus; # A winter survey of seven species of wading birds (Charadrii) at forty intertidal sites in six estuaries in south-west England was made to identify the variables that determined the variation in bird densities between the sites and to develop a method for predicting bird densities should a tidal power barrage be built on the Severn Estuary. The densities of the two smallest waders, the dunlin (Calidris alpina) and redshank (Tringa totanus), were comparable on the twelve sites in the Severn to those in the other estuaries. In contrast, the densities of the larger species, the grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), bar-tailed and black-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica & L. limosa ), curlew (Numenius arquata) and oystercatcher (Haematopus ostragleus), were cokC d?4 " Burton, N.H.K.;
Armitage, M.J.S.; 2005g Differences in the diurnal and nocturnal use of intertidal feeding grounds by Redshank Tringa totanus 120-128
Bird Study 52 2 Common Redshank; Tringa totanus ; Biodiversity; baseline; diet; migration routes; biomass; food web; infauna; benthic ecology; macrofauna; sewage; contamination; ecosystem;
Climate Change Impacts: Species July Redshank used more sites and had larger ranges at night than during the day. To determine whether there were differences in how wintering Redshank used intertidal feeding grounds during the day and night. The movements of 38 Redshank caught and radiotagged at two neighbouring sites on the Severn Estuary were monitored during four different study periods between January 1997 and October 1999. Individuals used a greater number of sites at night than in the day (on average, two as opposed to one). Kernel home range analyses also indicated that individuals used larger core areas and home ranges at night. In addition, there was a significant difference between the sizes of ranges of birds caught at two neighbouring sites. One foraging site was almost entirely avoided during the day, probably due to disturbance from an adjacent heliport, but was used by the majority of individuals at night when the heliport was unused. This site was rich in invertebrates as a result of the high organic and nutrient input from a sewage outfall pipe. Redshank also used riverine mudflats less during the night, preferring more open mudflats - perhaps to avoid nocturnal predators. Comparison with previous studies suggests that the importance of sites predominantly used at night and the total extent of the areas used by waders may be underestimated by studies that rely on daytime surveys alone. It is important, therefore, that information on nocturnal distributions should be available to inform decisions on k ?5 Kay, D.;
Stapleton, C.M.;
Wyer, M.D.;
McDonald, A.T.;
Crowther, J.;
Paul, N.;
Jones, K.;
Francis, C.;
Watkins, J.;
Wilkinson, J.;
Humphrey, N.;
Lin, B.;
Yang, L.;
Falconer, R.A.;
Gardner, S.; 2005 Decay of intestinal enterococci concentrations in high-energy estuarine and coastal waters: towards real-time T90 values for modelling faecal indicators in recreational waters. 655-67 Water research; 39 4 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
bioindicators; environmental assessment; water quality; tss; turbidity; modeling; Severn; contamination; baseline; February Intestinal enterococci are the principal 'health-evidence-based' parameter recommended by WHO for the assessment of marine recreational water compliance. Understanding the survival characteristics of these organisms in nearshore waters is central to public health protection using robust modelling to effect real-time prediction of water quality at recreation sites as recently suggested by WHO and the Commission of the European Communities Previous models have more often focused on the coliform parameters and assumed two static day-time and night-time T90 values to characterise the decay process. The principal driver for enterococci survival is the received dose of irradiance from sunlight. In the water column, transmission of irradiance is determined by turbidity produced by suspended material. This paper reports the results of irradiated microcosm experiments using simulated sunlight to investigate the decay of intestinal enterococci in relatively turbid estuarine and coastal waters collected from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK. High-turbidity estuarine waters produced a T90 value of 39.5 h. Low-turbidity coastal waters produced a much shorter T90 value of 6.6 h. In experiments receiving no irradiation, high-turbidity estuarine waters also produced a longer T90 of 65.1 h compared with corresponding low-turbidity coastal waters, T90 24.8 h. Irradiated T90 values were correlated with salinity, turbidity and suspended solids (r>0.8, p<0.001). The results suggest that enterococci decay in irradiated experiments with turbidity >200 NTU is similar to decay observed under dark conditions. Most significantly, these results suggest that modelling turbidity and or suspended solids offers a potential means of predicting T90 vaS tp?6 Faganello, E.;
Dunthorne, S.; 2005o The modelling of Cardiff Bay Barrage control system: The revised automatic control logic for the sluice gates 299-309S Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge Fletcher, C.A. ;
Spencer, T.; New YorkQ Cambridge University Press, Books, 40 West 20th Street New York NY 10011-4211 USA Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
Barrage; cardiff bay development; cardiff bay; severn; technology; sluice gates; migration; fish; locks; marina; lock gates; E Cardiff Bay Barrage is a tidal exclusion barrier forming a 200 ha freshwater lake by impounding the river flows from the Rivers Ely and Taff. The flood control structure built is designed to pass river floods and exclude high tides, allow passage for migrating fish and continued navigation between the bay and the Severn Estuary as well as to provide a public amenity with 12 km of attractive waterfront. The principal structures and ancillary works associated with the Barrage comprise five 9 m wide x 7.5 m high automatically controlled sluices with double-leaf vertical lifting gates, an 8 m wide fish pass and three navigation locks (8 m to 10.5 m wide) with hydraulically operated sector gates. The 700 m long embankment, formed from rock and marine dredged sand, not only impounds the freshwater lake but also prevents both the loss of freshwater and contamination by seawater. The outer harbour (formed by two breakwater arms comprising a series of pre-cast reinforced concrete caisson units) provides a tidal shelter and 'harbour o dD?7 ! Moutselou, E.; 2004 Severn Estuary Partnership - implementing a strategy of integrated estuary management by building on existing networks and their collaboration i Littoral 2004 - 7th International Conference Delivering Sustainable Coasts: Connecting Science and Policyy University of Aberdeen, Centre for Marine & Coastal Zone Management, Aberdeen Institute for Coastal Sciences & Management coastal management; coastal fora; severn estuary partnership; management strategy; ICM; estuary management; strategic Policy; severn estuary strategy;
Adaptation: Institutional Capacity Availability: Littoral 2004, c/o Cambridge Publications, P.O. Box 27, Cambridge CB1 8TR, UK; phone: +44 (0)1223 333438; fax: +44 (0)12 q?8 l ( Duquesne, S.;
Liess, M.;
Bird, D.J.; 2004x Sub-lethal effects of metal exposure: physiological and behavioural responses of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica 245-250 Marine Environmental Research 58 2-5( Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; toxicity; contamination; baseline; Macoma balthica; bivalves; industry; mining; benthic ecology; August
Variation in glycogen concentration, condition index (CI) and filtration activity were measured in the bivalve Macoma balthica buried in sediment and experimentally exposed to cadmium (Cd). The stress due to elevated but sub- lethal concentrations (300 ppb Cd) affected the overall fitness of the organism as all parameters monitored responded significantly. Lower concentrations tested (10, 30 and 100 ppb) only induced a significant decrease in filtration activity, which may play a protective role, enabling the organism to slow down its metabolic activity and preserving the integrity of its reserves (reflected by stable CI and glycogen levels). Hence, the various endpoints selected show different thresholds. Our results also demonstrate that under high exposure, small individuals loose proportionally more glycogen per unit of weight than larger ones, thus confirming the higher sensitivity of small individuals to metal contamination. Furthermore, exposure to intermediate concentration (30 ppb) seems to be beneficial to the small individuals as indicated by their high CI values compared to the control. These results showed thus that non-sigmoidal concentration-response relationship and sizes of individuals should be considered in monitoring programmes and risk assessment. Twelfth International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms
Elsevier Science Ltd., The Boulevard Langford Lane Kidlington Oxford OX5 1GB UK, usinfo-f@elsevier.com 0141-1136 Severn Estuary Research Group; x?9 French, P.W.; 1993w Seasonal and inter-annual variation of selected pollutants in modern intertidal sediments, Aust Cliff, Severn Estuary 213-219$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 37 2J Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants U The seasonal and inter-annual variation of pollutants in Severn Estuary intertidal sediments appears partly related to factors other than the levels of pollutants being input to the system from anthropogenic sources. External controls, including seasonality, fluvial discharge and organic matter, are thought to modify pollutant levels in the short term. The sampling of sediments from a fixed station in the Severn Estuary demonstrated this phenomenon with respect to particulate coal debris and zinc. Heavy liquid separation for coal and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis for heavy metals were used to determine pollution levels over a 2-year period from November 1987-October 1989 inclusive, comprising a relatively stormy 12-month period followed by one of relative calm. This appear
\ o?; Doody, J.P.; 2004- 'Coastal squeeze' - an historical perspective 129-138 Journal of Coastal Conservation 10 1! coastal management; reclamation; comparative; coastal defence; managed re-alignment; coastal squeeze; intertidal; estuary; wetland;
Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems January0 The use of salt marsh for agricultural use has probably been going on for thousands of years. This paper will look at the situationin southeast England, particularly the Wash. Here enclosure for extended grazing and over the last several hundred years, for arable cultivation, may have taken place since Roman Times. An enclosure of Freiston Shore salt marsh (1979) and a proposed further enclosure at Gedney Drove End at about the same time raised concerns about the cumulative effect of these developments on nature conservation interests. These concerns prompted the nature conservation agencies to oppose the Gedney Drove End enclosure. Though the conservation argument did not persuade the Government that no further enclosure should take place, economic circumstances changed such that the pressure for the creation of new agricultural land diminished. This marked the end of' reclamation' in the Wash. Since then, in the UK at least, there have been no further enclosures of salt marsh for agriculture. What were the arguments that lead to this change? Up to this point the perceived wisdom, in the Wash at least, was that as enclosure took place new inter-tidal land was created to seaward - with no net loss of inter-tidal land. Today we accept that this is not the case and a policy of managed re-alignment has increasingly been adopted in England, at sites ranging from the Porlock shingle ridge in north Devon to the salt marshes of Freiston in the Wash. It is argued that recognition of 'coastal squeeze' probably began in the Wash some 20 years ago. It would appear that we are now witnessing a reversal of this trend. How far will it take us? Will we see a return of the large expanses of tidal swamp around the Wash and elsewhere along the southern North Sea coast? Is this an inevitable consequence of global warming? This paper provides an historical perspective of the issues and arguments that have led us to recognize 'coastal squeeze' and the importance of dynamiccoasts, including the European Commission's 'EURosion Project', whd LF?= Langston, W.J.; 2004N Characterisation studies of the southwest's designated European Marine Sites ; Bulletin of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association 46I Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
European Marine Site; conservation; environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; Severn; contamination; baseline; comparative; pollutants; radioactivity; hydrocarbons; nutrient; organic materials; toxicity;X Scientists at the Marine Biological Association (MBA) in Plymouth have recently completed a major project to assess our current understanding of the impacts from a comprehensive range of contaminants (metals, hydrocarbons, synthetic organics, nutrients, radionuclides) in six southwest marine sites - Fal and Helford; Plymouth Sound and Estuaries; Severn Estuary; Poole Harbour; Exe Estuary; Chesil and the Fleet. The six are designated European Marine Sites (Special Areas of Conservati g # X?> . Kirby, R.;
Henderson, P.A.;
Warwick, R.M.; 2004. The Severn, UK: Why is the estuary different? 3-17} Proceedings of the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology. Part C. Journal of marine science and environment 1 severn; conservation; environmental impact; technology; barrage; biodiversity; benthic ecology; Tidal power; impact;
Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions Extensive data sets are used to review biological, chemical and physical interactions in the estuary of the River Severn, in an effort to isolate why the system is as it is, what its controls are, and what implications this might have for conservation and for large engineering projects. Review of system biology shows unambiguously that the faunal and sometimes floral communities are exceptionally suppressed, often manifest in vestigial form and in several geographical areas to all intents and purposes absent. Barrenness is an unusual attribute for an estuary. Explanations for this unusual occurrence are considered, starting with regional aspects of water column and bed chemistry. No material evidence for the presence of a natural or anthropogenic contaminant which might explain the suppression of ecosystems has been found. On the other hand, semi-lunar cyclicity of dissolved oxygen levels in the water body and at the bed is recognised. When the physical regime is considered, what emerges as especially noteworthy is the extremity of concentration values of the ambient suspended sediment population and the manner in which this is cycled on and off the bed on semi-diurnal and semi-lunar timescales. As opposed to some pernicious contaminant therefore, the factor inducing this extreme ecosystem suppression is the natural cycling of the mobile cohesive sediment population of the estuary. This is further confirmed by several related strands of evidence from the historical sediment successions, which show absence of secondary biogenic disturbance extending back in time at least 2000 years. This natural suppression of ecosystems, in places to the extent of rendering the system abiotic, has, it is suggested, implications for conservation, in particular the need to home in and designate the primary driver, not the passive response to this. Similarly, the role of the Bristol Channel in reproduction and recruitment needs to be highlighted. Even large-scale industrial projects, in particular dredging or construction works, are unlikely to have a detectable impact except where they involve a take of the poorly inhabited intertidal zone. Equally and exceptionally, should a tidal power barrage ever be built, it will inevitably be accompanied by proliferation of organisms, communities and the ability to sustain these into adulthood, as opposed to the occasional, non-specialised, immature, |?? 2 Morris, R.;
Moffat, A.;
Hill, M.;
Ramsay, K.; 2005j The selection of Natura 2000 sites in England and Wales, with particular reference to the Severn Estuary 29-35~ Proceedings of the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology. Part C. Journal of Marine Science and Environment 3 Natura 2000; conservation; habitat; SAC; SPA; habitats directive; severn; estuary;
Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions The process of selection of Natura 2000 sites under the EC Habitats Directive is described, along with the differences from protected site selection processes previously adopted in the UK. Some of these differences have been challenged by other contributors to this journal, but can only be examined in detail if the context for site selection is clearly explained first: without such explanations, judgements can be interpreted as perverse or indeed incorrect. This paper responds to assertions that designation of the Severn Estuary is perverse and that the requirements of the Habitats Directive would be better served by designation in the Bristol Channel and further out to sea. The rationale for selection of Natura 2000 sites (SAC) anK D?@ ! Anon 2003p Decadal persistence of radiolabelled organic wastes in the Severn Estuary: Evidence from the intertidal record D ISEG 2003: 6th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry Edinburgh, Scotland environmental assessment; pollutants; intertidal; geochemistry; radioactivity; persistant organic pollutants; POPs; ISEG 2003;Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants0 7-11 Sep 2003. (World Meeting Number 000 7037) Notes Availability: ISEG 2003, In Conference Ltd; phone: +44(0)131 556 9245; fax: +44(0)131 55c D;A ! ~ Lin, B.;
Falconer, R.;
Francis, C.;
Humphrey, N.;
Jones, K.;
Kay, D.;
Lei, Y.;
Paul, N.;
Stapleton, C. ;
Watkins, J,; 1993 Modelling a complex mixture of point and diffuse microbiological inputs to high energy and turbid estuarine bathing waters: The Severn EstuaryF 7th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management Dublin, Ireland Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
pollution; management strategy; modeling; microbes; turbidity; estuary; bathing waters; Contamination; severn; water quality; 22nd August 2003 Notes Availability: 7th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management, c/o Conference Organizers Ltd., Clifton House, Lower Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin 2, W F?B ) Kartar, S.;
Milne, R.A.;
Sainsbury, M.; 1973& Polyethylene waste in Severn Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 4 144 environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; waste; polyethylene; Severn; contamination; f tF?C Kartar, S.R.;
Abou-Seedo, F.; 1974= Polystyrene spherules in the Severn Estuary-a progress report Marine Pollution Bulletin 7 52 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; wag t?D Ferns, PN;
Lang, A. 2003h The value of immaculate mates: Relationships between plumage quality and breeding success in shelducks 521-532 Ethology 109 6 Climate Change Impacts: Species Immaculateness, a novel measure of bird plumage quality, defined as the regularity of the borders of a coloured patch of feathers, and the uniformity of the colour within the patch, tends to decline as a result of feather wear and damage. If it declines more quickly amongst birds in poor condition, it has the potential to act as an honest signal of individual quality and therefore be subject to social and sexual selection. We scored plumage immaculateness in shelducks Tadorna tadorna, based on the absence of white feathers in the red-brown chest band and the evenness of the band's border. We monitored body condition and plumage quality in birds at feeding sites in the Severn Estuary (UK) during the early breeding season when females were forming eggs, and later in the season when chicks arrived. Drakes bad more immaculate chest bands than ducks. At preferred feeding sites, drakes were more immaculate, and birds of both sexes were in better body condition. Birds with more immaculate plumage tended to mate assortatively at preferred sites and were more likely to produce a brood that survived the journey to the feeding areas. Immaculateness could therefore be an honest signal of parental quality. Although our evidence is only correlational, we suggest that plumage immaculateness indicates the ability to establish and maintain control over the best breeding sites and feeding territories in the face of ?E [ Langston, W.J.;
Chesman, B.S.;
Burt, G.R.;
Hawkins, S.J.;
Readman, J.;
Worsfold, P.; 2003 Site characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites. The Severn estuary possible Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area 111K Occasional publication. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 13 Plymouth Plymouth Marine Laboratory Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Plymouth Marine Laboratory; English Nature; Environment Agency; conservation; pSAC; spa; biodiversity; severn estuary stategy; coastal management; environmental assessment; water quality; habitat loss; distribution; flora; fauna; Trace metals; industry; heavy metals; toxicity; sewage; pollution; contamination; baseline; hydrocarbons; sediment; sediment dynamics; european Marine site; This project has two main objectives. Firstly, to characterise the site in terms of water quality, both current and over recent years (up to 2002), and to identify areas where conditions might result in effects on habitats and species for which the site was designated. Secondly, to consider permissions, activities and sources, either alone or in combination which have, or are likely to have, a significant effect on the site. Site characterisation has been accomplished by review of published literature and unpublished reports, together with interrogation of raw data sets, notably that of the EA (this does not include recent compliance data and other forms of self-monitoring for Integrated Pollution Control sites, which was not available). Some of the key findings are: the unique physical features of the Estuary dominate sediment distributions and composition, which are, in turn, the main components governing distributions of organisms. Much of the sub-tidal Severn mud is impoverished in terms of biota and even some sandy areas may be impoverished because of extreme mobility of silts at spring tides. Because physical conditions dominate, for the majority of biological communities, there is little unequivocal evidence of additional impact due to contaminants across the Estuary as a whole. Individual populations may have been impacted, close to major discharges, though most evidence is correlative rather than mechanistic. Metals have traditionally been a major concern in the Estuary, because of smelting and other metal industries. Cd, As, Cr and Hg probably originate mainly from industrial sources around the Estuary whilst Cu, Zn and Ni are predominantly riverine in origin with additional inputs from trade and sewage discharges. Concentrations in sediments are commonly above interim sediment quality guidelines over much of the Estuary, but only occasionally exceed probably effects levels. Bioaccumulation of metals occurs widely in invertebrates, though the ecological significance is still uncertain. Hydrocarbon compounds, including PAHs, are present, locally, in elevated concentrations. Sources include a combination of fossil fuel combustion, shipping, urban run-off, STW and various point-source and diffuse discharges from industrialised areas. Local coal and oil bearing strata also contribute, though the principal component appears to be anthropogenic. Moderately high levels of PAHs are present in sediment from much of the system and for some individual PAHs concentrations occasionally exceed probable effects levels. This may have consequences for benthic fish species and invertebrates. A number of synthetic organic compounds may be present, locally, in elevated concentrations. However, there is very little robust data with which to characterise the threats to the European marine site from the majority of these compounds. If such threats do occur, these would be expected to be largely localised issues. Rivers probably introduce the largest loadings but there are indications that high pesticide concentrations sometimes occur in discharges. PCB contamination is related to past industrial usage and production. Sediments close to river mouths and docks are classified as being 'heavily contaminated' but decrease at offshore sites. PCBs in eel tissue are elevated in the lower reaches of industrialised catchments in south Wales. Although other fish from Cardigan Bay and the Severn Estuary do not appear to be seriously contaminated, high concentrations have been found in marine mammals from these locations. Data on organotins are surprisingly scarce: however, analysis of dredge spoils in and around the pSAC suggest there may be localised reservoirs of TBT near major conurbations such as Newport and Cardiff, and presumably elsewhere. There are indications of inputs from a number of outfalls throughout the region. Nutrient levels and loadings in the Severn Estuary are considered significant in UK terms. However, high turbidity means that algal productivity is generally low, except in localised hotspots. Eutrophication is therefore not a major issue within the pSAC. Intermittent oxygen sags occur in low salinity regions of the Severn and in some of the principal rivers feeding the Estuary. These probably originate from the high densities of suspendable solids and associated particulate organic matter, perhaps enhanced by discharge outfalls. Anomalously high concentrations of tritium in sediments and benthic biota in the Cardiff area have been attributed primarily to an industrial discharge. Remedial action has been initiated and an application for a revised discharge has been made. Whilst not a threat to humans, the bioavailability, assimilation pathways and effects of organically-bound tritium on marine life require further investigation. Evidence from loadings, concentration data and EQS compliance frequencies indicates continuing improvements in water quality for the major contaminants (e.g. Cd). The balance of evidence indicates that these may coincide with biological improvements, though the extent to which these events are linked remains uncertain. The persistence and behaviour of sediment-bound contaminants, and their potential combined effects, gives rise to the greatest uncertainty about recovery. The purported decline in eel and Twaite shad populations (and several other fish species) appears to run contrary to the general perception of recovery. It has yet to be established whether the causes are related to water quality or other factors within, or even outside, the pSAC (e.g. fishing pressures, natural variability of stocks). ( www.mba.ac.uk/nmbl/publicationsmba.htm 0 W <?F [ Langston, W.J.;
Chesman, B.S.;
Burt, G.R.;
Hawkins, S.J.;
Readman, J.;
Worsfold, P.; 2003J Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites. Summary report 111K Occasional publication. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 14 Plymouth Marine Biological Association Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Plymouth Marine Laboratory; English Nature; Environment Agency; conservation; pSAC; spa; biodiversity; severn estuary stategy; coastal management; environmental assessment; water quality; habitat loss; distribution; flora; fauna; Trace metals; industry; heavy metals; toxicity; sewage; pollution; contamination; baseline; hydrocarbons; sediment; sediment dynamics; The UK and EU have recently omitted to an ecosystem-based approach to the management of our marine environment. In line with the requirements of the Habitats regulations, all consents likely to significantly affect Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) are to be reviewed. As part of this process, 'site characterisation' has now been accepted as an important requirement within the Environment Agency's Review of Consents procedures, particularly with respect to complex systems such as estuaries. The current project, undertaken by the Plymouth Marine Science Partnership (PMSP), represents the first phase in this site characterisation - the collation and assessment of existing relevant information (up to 2002). Using published information and unpublished data-sets from regulatory agencies, conservation bodies and research institutes, evidence is compiled on the links between potentially harmful 'activities', environmental quality, and resultant biological consequences. The focus is on the effects of water and sediment quality on the key interest features of European Marine sites in the South West of England, namely: Fal and Helford cSAC; Plymouth Sound and Estuaries cSAC/SPA; Severn Estuary pSAC/SPA; Poole Harbour SPA; Exe Estuary SPA; Chesil and the Fleet cSAC/SPA. Detailed analysis for each of these sites is provided individually, under separate cover (see page ii for full list of titles in this series). This summary report contains an overview of physical properties, uses and vulnerability for each of these sites, together with brief comparisons of pollution sources, chemical exposure (via sediment and water) and evidence of biological impact (from bioaccumulation to community-level response). Limitations of this data, and gaps in our understanding of these systems are highlighted and suggestions are put forward as to where future research and surveillance is most needed. Hopefully this may assist the statutory authorities in targeting future monitoring and remedial activities. & www.mba.ac.uk/nmbl/publicationsmba.htm ISSN 02
Q
/ ,D?H
Henderson, P.A; 20035 Background information on species of shad and lamprey CCW marine monitoring reports9 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries < A review of the suitability of Welsh coastal and estuarine SACs and the Severn Estuary pSAC for the two species of shad, Alosa alosa and A. fallax and the two species of lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis and Petromyzon marinus, is presented. It is clear that for Twaite shad (A. fallax) and river lamprey (L. fluviatilis) that the SAC and pSAC waters are regions where the species can be expected to be at higher than average abundance. The regions also have the potential to hold important populations of sea lamprey (P. marinus) and allis shad (A. alosa). However, for all four species, the latter two in particular, present populations are much reduced from historical levels. The principal reason for this decline was probably linked to the construction of weirs and dams that restricted access to freshwater spawning grounds, plus a decline in river water quality. For all four species our present knowledge of the biology and distribution during the marine part of their life cycle is poor. It is recommended that a reporting scheme be initiated so that accidental captures by commercial fishermen and anglers can be recorded. Further research is also needed on the dispersal during the marine phase in the life cycle, and fidelity to their natal rivers, of all four fish. Twaite shad feed on mysids and small fish, particularly clupeids. These are all plentiful in the focal SACs and pSAC. Allis shad are more planktivorous than twaite shad and feed on crustaceans such as copepods, decapods and euphausiids and small fish. Twaite shad are vulnerable to capture on cooling water intakes and are killed on power station intakes in the Severn Estuary pSAC in considerable numbers. If allis shad were presently spawning in the area then they would likely be similarly vulnerable. Twaite shad are also caught by commercial fishermen, particularly those using traditional traps in estuarine localities. At sea, river lamprey feed on a wide variety of small fish. It is likely that clupeids, particularly sprat, are an important part of the diet. At sea marine lamprey tend to feed on larger prey, including shark and large salmon. The abundance of both lampreys may now be limited by prey availability. It is possible that they were once so common in the Severn because they fed on the abundant shad and salmon that are now at a tiny fraction of historical levels. S http://www.ccw.gov.uk/generalinfo/index.cfm?Actiog ix?I Clark, J.A.;
Balmer, D.E.;
Adams, S.Y.;
Grantham, M.J.;
Blackburn, J.R.;
Robinson, R.A.;
Wernham, C.V.;
Griffin, B.M.;
Milne, L.J.; 2002- Bird ringing in Britain and Ireland in 2001 80-143 Ringing & Migration; 21 2 British Trust for Orntihology; NGOs; Birds; population studies; Migration; severn; seabirds; waders;
Climate Change Impacts: Species December This is the 65th annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme covering work carried out and data received in 2001. As part of the BTO's production of the landmark Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain & Ireland, which will review movements of birds using Britain & Ireland, novel approaches to the investigation of the movement patterns and distances were developed. These allow the objective comparison of whether different species are sedentary, short-distance or long-distance migrants and the investigation of differential migration between birds of different age and sex. The BTO continues to carry out a programme of work investigating the declines in bird populations. In 2001, an investigation of Song Thrush population dynamics showed that the survival rates of young birds was key in the population decline; reduction in survival rates also seemed to have driven the fall in numbers of Marsh Tits. Work on movements of waders between roosts on the Moray Basin showed little movement for most species; important information when the possible effects of disturbance are being considered. An investigation of the biometrics of the Redshank wintering on Severn Estuary found that the proportions of Icelandic and British breeders varied between sites; again an important factor in assessing the possible consequences of disturbance. A pilot project, which is investigating the collection of data on movements and demography of farmland passerines in winter is described. Data collected as part of the Constant Effort Sites (CES) Scheme showed significant changes in the numbers of seven species between 2000 and 2001. Of these, five resident species (Blackbird, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Chaffinch and Greenfinch) and one migrant (Whitethroat) showed increases. Only one species (Willow Warbler) decreased. By contrast, productivity tended to be low with 11 species, both residents (Dunnock, Robin, Blackbird, Long-tailed Tit, Blue Tit, Greenfinch and Reed Bunting) and migrants (Sedge Warbler, Reed Warbler, Blackcap and Chiffchaff) showing significant declines. Progress on the EURO-CES project, which aims to develop standard protocols for CES fieldwork and data capture across Europe is reported. Data sets for 86 studies of 42 species were submitted as part of the Retrapping Adults for Survival (RAS) Project. The first detailed analysis of Pied Flycatcher data from RAS-type studies showed that survival rates vary between different areas of the country and confirms the value of this project. The numbers of birds ringed in 2001 (648,936) was 16% below the mean of the previous five years (1996-2000), largely as a result of Foot and Mouth Disease, which restricted the areas ringers had access to. The recovery total (10,692) was 6% lower than the five-year mean (1996-2000). Recoveries of 195 BTO-ringed birds and 77 birds ringed abroad are presented in the report and include a number of unusual or significant movements. Of particular note are the first recovery of a Great White Egret involving Britain & Ireland, the first recoveries of BTO-ringed Honey Buzzards, a BTO-ringed American Golden Plover recovered in Italy, an Hungarian-ringed Knot found in England and the first foreign-ringed Yellow-browed Warbler (from Norway) to be reported i l?J 3 Culshaw, C.;
Newton, L.C.;
Weir, I.;
Bird, D.J.; 2002 Concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cu in sediments and brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK 331-334 Marine Environmental Research; 54 3-5 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Heavy Metals; POLLUTANTS; environmental assessment; baseline; sediments; shrimp; crangon crangon; contamination; September - December Cd, Zn and Cu levels were determined in sediments and Crangon crangon from 9 sites in the Severn Estuary/Bristol Channel during winter 1999. Metal levels in both shrimp and sediments varied significantly between sites and were related to proximity of input and/or sediment type. In the upper Estuary, Cd levels in shrimp were 100x higher than other reported values whereas sediment Cd contamination was comparable. It is suggested that high Cd levels in shr[ p?K ! Duquesne, S;;
Bird, D. J; 2002 Mechanisms of Toxicity: Metals: Bioavailability of cadmium in Macoma balthica from the Severn Estuary: a comparison of field and laboratory microcosm approaches 367-372V Eleventh International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 11) 54 3-5 Plymouth, UK( environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; toxicity; contamination; baseline; Macoma balthica; bivalves; industry; mining; benthic ecology;
Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants September - December 2002 Cadmium remains one of the most significant heavy metals in the sediments of the Severn Estuary, mainly as the result of historical mining activity and discharges from metal smelters. The bioavailability of cadmium in this region appears to be greater than in other industrialised estuaries and high levels are found in benthic invertebrates, fish and birds. In this study, the bioavailability of cadmium was investigated in the bivalve Macoma balthica. Undisturbed sediment cores and associated overlying water from the estuary were used to set up in indoor microcosms. They were enriched with cadmium (0, 30 and 100 ppb Cd) and 32 individuals were placed into the microcosm. After 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, the cadmium concentrations were determined in the animal tissue and in various abiotic compartments. These included the different sediment fractions, the interstitial and overlying water and the suspended and deposited particulate material. The results are compared with the concentrations of cadmium determined in Macoma and the environmental compartments in the field. At some sites, the highest cadmium concentrations were found to be associated with the sand rather that the mud fraction and this may bed q@?L Duquesne, S.;
Bird, D.J.; 2002 Mechanisms of Toxicity: Metals: Bioavailability of cadmium in Macoma balthica from the Severn Estuary: a comparison of field and laboratory microcosm approaches 367-372 Marine Environmental Research 54 3-5( Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; toxicity; contamination; baseline; Macoma balthica; bivalves; industry; mining; benthic ecology; September - December Cadmium remains one of the most significant heavy metals in the sediments of the Severn Estuary, mainly as the result of historical mining activity and discharges from metal smelters. The bioavailability of cadmium in this region appears to be greater than in other industrialised estuaries and high levels are found in benthic invertebrates, fish and birds. In this study, the bioavailability of cadmium was investigated in the bivalve Macoma balthica. Undisturbed sediment cores and associated overlying water from the estuary were used to set up in indoor microcosms. They were enriched with cadmium (0, 30 and 100 ppb Cd) and 32 individuals were placed into the microcosm. After 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, the cadmium concentrations were determined in the animal tissue and in various abiotic compartments. These included the different sediment fractions, the interstitial and overlying water and the suspended and deposited particulate material. The results are compared with the concentrations of cadmium determined in M. balthica and the environmental compartments in the field. At some sites, the highest cadmium concentrations were found to be associated with the sand rather that thE/ 4?N 4 Williams, J ;
Russ, R.;
McCubbin, D. ;
Knowles, J.; 2001< An overview of tritium behaviour in the Severn Estuary (UK) 337-344" Journal of radiological protection 21 4 environmental assessment; radioactiviy; bioindicators; toxicity; Severn; contamination; baseline; flounder; tritium;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants DecemberR Measurements of tritium (3H) activity in marine species in the Severn Estuary (UK) show concentrations significantly above those predicted by standard models. Concentration factors of 10(4) between seawater and marine species are observed; standard models assume a concentration factor of 1. In addition, the vast majority of activity is present in the form of organically bound tritium (OBT). The critical group dose from tritium--to consumers of local flounder--is estimated as approximately 36 microSv per annum. The measurements are related to the authorised release of wastes, via the sewer system, from the Amersham plc plant at Cardiff. The radiochemical plant manufactures a wide range of isotopically labelled compounds for use in life science research. The elevated levels of tritium observed in marine species have led to a programme of investigative work by specialist organisations. This paper describes the various definitions, measurements and significance of the term OBT. It also outlines the environmental observations and preliminary conclusions from the investigative programme to date._ Amersham plc, Cardiff Laboratories, Whitchurch, UK. julie.williams@uk.ameI ?O Lloyd, A.J.;
Yonge, C.M.; 1947L The biology of Crangon vulgaris L. in the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary 626 - 661C Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 26 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Crangon vulgari; Shrimp; Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; biomass; b B P?P R K Mccubbin, D.;
Leonard, K.S.;
Bailey, T.A.;
Williams, J.;
Tossell, P.; 2001{ Incorporation of Organic Tritium ( super(3)H) by Marine Organisms and Sediment in the Severn Estuary/Bristol Channel (UK) 852 - 863 Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 10y environmental assessment; Sewage; radioactiviy; nuclear; power station; environmental impact; bioindicators; toxicity; sediment quality; water quality; Severn; contamination; baseline; sprat; winkle; sprattus sprattus; littorina littorea; mussel; Mytilus edulis; flounder; Platichthys flesus; tritium;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants OctoberA Discharges of tritium ( super(3)H) into the Severn Estuary/Bristol Channel (UK) arise from the authorized release of wastes from nuclear power plants at Hinkley Point and Berkley/Oldbury and from the Nycomed-Amersham radiochemical plant, via the sewer system, at Cardiff. The wastes from the nuclear power plants probably consist almost entirely of super(3)H sub(2)O, whereas those from the radiochemical plant also include uncharacterized super(3)H labelled organic compounds. The total super(3)H concentrations in demersal fish and other benthic organisms in the vicinity of the Cardiff Eastern sewer outfall are significantly elevated compared to those observed around other UK nuclear establishments. Concentrations in filtered seawater were approximately 10 Bq kg super(-1) whilst levels in surface sediment, seaweed (Fucus vesiculosis) and mussels (Mytilus edulis)/flounder (Platichthys flesus) were in the order of 6 x 10 super(2), 2 x 10 super(3), and 10 super(5) Bq kg super(-1) (dry weight), respectively. Almost all the super(3)H found in sediment and biota were organically bound tritium (OBT). The high concentration in these materials, relative to that in seawater, is due to the presence of bioavailable organic super(3)H labelled compounds in the radiochemical waste. It is suggested that bioaccumulation of super(3)H by benthic organisms and demersal fish occurs primarily via a pathway of physico-chemical sorption/bacterial transformation of dissolved super(3)H labelled organic compounds into particulate organic matter, and subsequent transfer up a web of sediment dwelling microbes and meiofauna. Variations in super(3)H accumulation between individual organisms have been interpreted in terms of their different feeding behaviour. Relatively low concentrations were observed in the herbivorous winkle (Littorina littorea) and the pelagic Sprat (Spratus spratus) compared with other benthic organisms and demersal fish. The elevated super(3)H concentrations in seafood, due to bioaccumulation of OBT, have low radiological signw L?Q : Rotchell, J.M.;
Clarke, K.R.;
Newton, L.C.;
Bird, D.J.; 2001 Hepatic metallothionein as a biomaker for metal contamination: age effects and seasonal variation in European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 151-71 Marine Environmental Research 52 2 flounder; pleuronectus flesus; organic materials; pollutants; heavy metals; biomass; fish; biodiversity; food web; environmental assessment; baseline; population studies; bioindicators; toxicity;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants August Hepatic concentrations of metallothionein [MT] and three metals (Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined in 242 European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) collected from power stations at Oldbury-upon-Severn and Hinkley Point, located in Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK, respectively, between March 1996 and February 1998. A model involving three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine variation in MT and metal concentrations with respect to season, year and site; with age-class included as a covariate in the analysis. Hepatic concentrations of MT and Cd (and to some degree, Cu, but not Zn) increased significantly with age. The model explained 38, 25, 17 and 26% of the variation in MT, Cu, Zn and Cd, respectively, with significant effects due to season, and to a lesser extent, to year. Site was only a significant factor for Cd which was higher in fish from Hinkley. Correlation between the individual concentration of MT and each metal alone, or in combination, was poor, and explained only an additional 3.0% of the residual variation in MT, most of which was attributable to Cu (2.7%). Compared to other industrialised estuaries, Cd concentrations were high (>20 micro g-1 in some individuals). The study emphasises the importance of seasonal variation and other factors in biomonitoring programmes and highlights the limitations of using [ ?R Y Potter, I.C.;
Bird, D.J.;
Claridge, P.N.;
Clarke, K.R.;
Hyndes, G.A.;
Newton, L.C.; 2001 Fish fauna of the Severn Estuary. Are there long-term changes in abundance and species compositions and are the recruitment patterns of the main marine species correlated 15-373 Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 258 1 Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; biomass; macrofauna; ecology; fish; fauna; goby; pout; whiting; bass; mullet; herring; water quality; cod; flounder; lamprey; abundance; recruitment;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries 30 MarchN
Fish were collected from the intake screens of the Oldbury Power Station in the Severn Estuary in each week between early July 1972 and late June 1977 and at least twice monthly between early January 1996 and late June 1999. The annual catches, after adjustment to a common sampling effort, demonstrate that the abundance of fish at Oldbury was far greater in the 1990s than 1970s, mainly due to marked increases in the numbers of certain marine species, such as sand goby, whiting, bass, thin-lipped grey mullet, herring, sprat and Norway pout. These increases may reflect the great improvement that occurred in the water quality of the Severn Estuary between these decades. The only species that declined markedly in abundance was poor cod. Modest declines in flounder and River lamprey paralleled those occurring elsewhere in the UK. The species composition in the two decades also differed, reflecting changes not only in the relative abundances of the various marine estuarine-opportunistic species, which dominated the ichthyofauna, but also in those of the suite of less abundant species in the estuary. The cyclical changes undergone each year by the species composition of the fish fauna of the Severn Estuary reflect sequential intra-annual changes in the relative abundances of species representing each of the marine, diadromous and freshwater categories. New approaches have been developed to test whether or not large sets of correlations between patterns of recruitment amongst abundant marine species (internal correlations), and between those patterns and salinity and water temperature within the estuary (cross-correlations), were significant. The correlation profile analyses found no evidence that the annual recruitment strengths of these species were either intercorrelated, or correlated with either one or a combination of both of the above environmental variables. Yet, the timings of the recruitment of these species into the estuary were intercorrelated, i.e. a slightly earlier or later than normal immigration by one species in a given year was paralleled by the same trend in other species. However, this association in recruitment times could be linked neither to salinity nor water temperature within the estuary, nor to a combination of these two variables. These results indicate that, while the factors that influence the annual recruitment strengths of the juveniles of different marine species vary, inter-annual differences in the phasing of events that regulate spawning times and/or larval dispersal influence, in the same direction, the times `D?S ! Brown, J. : 2000t Measuring the success of non-statutory coastal zone programmes as determined from stakeholder community expectations= Coastal Zone Canada Association 4th International Conference St John, New Brunswick, Canada Strategic Policy; zoning; Shoreline; coastal management; ngos; public policy; coastal zone mangement; czm;
Adaptation: Institutional Capacity 17-22 September 2000G Availability: Sybertooth Inc. Informatics and Information Services, 59 Salem Street, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada E4L 4J6; phone: (506) 364-10943; fax: (506) 536-2949; URL: http://www.sybertooth.ca
Conference sponsor: Aliant, Corridor Resources Inc., Nature Conservancy Canad k @? ! Henderson, P.A.;
Seaby, R.M.H.; 1993] On the factors influencing juvenile flatfish abundance in the lower Severn Estuary, England 2 Second International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology Texel (Netherlands) Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; diet; macrofauna; ecology; fish; sole; dab; flounder; solea solea; limanda limanda; platichthys flesus; Bridgewater; estuary;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries 30 Sep-6 Oct 1993 ^ Bridgewater Bay within the Bristol Channel, Somerset, England is a nursery ground for sole, Solea solea, and dab, Limanda limanda during the autumn and winter. Flounder, Platichthys flesus, both juveniles and adults, are common during the summer. Using a 13-year data set of fish in the bay, correlations were studied between climatic, predatory and competitive factors and juvenile flatfish abundance. The major factor was found to be seawater temperature. For sole, abundance was positively correlated with the temperature in the spawning period (April and May). For flounder, abundance was negatively correlated with average temperature during the previous year. For dab, average winter temperature over the spawning period was negatively correlated with juvenile abundance and with mean length observed during the following autumn. These climatic changes were also found to influence the abundance of a large number of other fish and crustacean species which were potential predators or competitors and which in some cases were significantly correlated with flatfish abundance. The data set was analysed using multiple correlation analysis. Multi-factorial models of population change which included interspecific and climatic factors were examined. Using first-order partial correlations it was possible to distinguish between different causal models. In every case it was found that interspecific correlations were attributable to both species independently changing in abundance with temperature. No significant correlations between the abundance of potential predators or competitors and juvenile flatfish were detected. O Also published as a journal article in The Netherlands Journal of Sea Research B
L?j / - Rotchell, J.M.;
Bird, D.J.;
Newton, L.C.; 1990 Seasonal variation in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in European eels Anguilla anguilla and flounders Pleuronectes flesus from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 263-270 Marine Ecology Progress Series 190 organic materials; anguilla anguilla; pleuronectus flesus; hydrocarbons; pollutants; contamination; baseline; pollution; eels; flounder; environmental impact; bioindicators;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants The Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel form the largest estuary in the UK. The estuary receives organic contaminants, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from diverse sources. Although hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity has been widely used as a biomarker for organic contamination in fish, its activity can be affected by a number of seasonal and environmental factors. We therefore measured EROD activity in the liver of European eels Anguilla anguilla and flounders Pleuronectes flesus, 2 abundant species in the Severn Estuary. Fish were collected from the water-intake screens of 2 nuclear power stations, located at Oldbury-upon-Severn and Hinkley Point, every 2 to 4 wk between March 1996 and February 1998. EROD activity in eels showed pronounced seasonal variation. Maximum activity (656 to 820 pmol/min/mg protein) occurred in the warmest summer months and lowest activity (117 to 128 pmol/min/mg protein) in the coldest winter months. EROD activity was also elevated during the summer in flounders (470 to 650 pmol/min/mg protein) but the highest EROD activities (up to 1546 pmol/min/mg protein) occurred in the winter/spring when spawning occurs in this species. However, these elevations occurred even in immature 1+ and 2+ flounders, suggesting that some other physiological /endocrinological cycles relating to day length may also be involved. Intraperitoneal injection of benzo[a]pyrene resulted in increased EROD activity in both species to levels similar to the maximum observed in fish from the field. The results confirm that pronounced variation in EROD activity is associated with season and age in eels and flounders and these factors should be considered when employing this biomarker in the field.
0171-8630 x Affiliation Faculty of Applied Scien R8D?W ! Barber, R.W.;
Scott, L.J.; 2000j Numerical modelling of tidal propagation in the Severn Estuary using a depth-adapted non-orthogonal grid J Third International Conference on Environmental Problems in Costal Regions Las Palmas de Canaria, Spain Wessex Institute of Technology renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; harmonic analysis; hydroelectric; modeling; environmental impact; impact;
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal 18-20 September 2000 www.wessex.ac.uk/conferences/ Availability: Wessex Institute of Technology, Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton SO40 7AA, UK; phone: 44-0-23-80-293223; fax: 44-0-23-80-292853; email:e? D?X ! Mitchell, R.;
Probert, P.K.; 1983f Environmental and nature conservation aspects of tidal power proposals for the Severn-estuary (U.K.) L Integration of Ecological Aspects in Coastal Engineering Projects Symposium Rotterdam, The Netherlands Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
conservation; environmental impact; barrage; renewable energy; Impact; tidal power; engineering; ecology; 6 -10 June 1983 Availability: 1983, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands, Abstracts, preprints and proceedings available
Conference sponsors: U.N. Educational Scientific and Culture Organisation; UNESCO; International Association Water Pollution, Research and Control; IAWPRC; International Association Hydraulic Research; IAHR; Netherlands Scope Committee; NSC; Royal Institute of p7 (D?Y ! Hawkins, B.; 1986 Geology of the Severn Estuary A British Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting
Bristol UKB Geology; Severn;
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediments 1-5 Sep 1986H Confernce sponsor: British Association for the Advancement of Science
8 Rotchell, J.M. 1998{ Temporal and spatial variation of cytochrome P4501 A activities in flounder (Pleuronectes flesus) from the Severn Estuary # 8th Annual Meeting of SETAC-Europe Poster Paper No. 3C/P003 Bordeaux, France Adec Tox, Bordeaux Aquitaine, Environment, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Chromato Sud, Hewlett Packard, INERIS, Prolabo, Thermoquest, Universite Bordeaux 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants 14-18 Apr 1998 Available Availability: Soci6 F?` Anon 2000> Improving wastewater treatment processes in the Severn Estuary World Pumps; 407 Environmental assessment; baseline; wastewater treatment; Severn; water quality; Sewage;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants August In April 2000 the expansion and updating of Dwr Cymru Welsh Water's Nash wastewater treatment works was completed. On the banks of the River Usk, a tributary of the Severn, Nash will now serve the whole of Newport, courtesy of a new tunnel and pipeline, for the western half of the town. The project is of vital importance to Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, whose aim is to improve the coastline of the Severn Estuary between Chepstow and Newport. It represents a total investment of some pound sterling 89 million and will eventually take wastewater not only from the population that borders the River Usk but also, via another pipeline, from Chepstow's coastal strip. | Hidrostal Ltd, 4 & 5, The Galloway Centre_ ?a l Wilkinson, D.; 2000 Judicial review action to determine whether certain provisions of the national salmon bylaws 1999 were ultra vires given their parent legislation 143 -145
Water Law 11 4 water resources act; national salmon byelaws; severn; wye; fisheries; salmon; judicial review;
Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
July - August This case concerned judicial review of the National Salmon Byelaws 1999 made by the Environment Agency under Sched. 25, para. 6 to the Water Resources Act 1991 (the 1991 Act), as confirmed by the minister. Mott was a co-lessee of two fisheries: one in the Severn estuary which involved the use of putts and putchers (conical shaped baskets) and stock nets; the other a rod and line fishery on the River Wye. The profitability of these fisheries was adversely affected by the 1999 Byelaws. Byelaw 3 extended the closed season for salmon fishing other than with rod and line from 15 April to 31 May. This reduced the period in which such fishing could take place to fewer than three months in the year, with obvious economic consequences for the appellant. Byelaw 5 required fish caught by rod and line in the early part of the open fishing season to be released - a condition which reduced the a' ?b Mortimer, R.J.G.;
Rae, J.E.; 2000 Metal Speciation (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) and Organic Matter in Oxic to Suboxic Salt Marsh Sediments, Severn Estuary, Southwest Britain 377 - 386 Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 5 environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; trace metals; sediment; pollutants; Severn; contamination; baseline; Mudflats; salt marsh; nutrient cycling;
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants May , Pollutant metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in Late Flandrian mudflat/saltmarsh sediments in the Severn Estuary are predominantly bound in the carbonate, Fe/Mn oxide and organic phases. Comparison of the oxic Rumney Formation with the suboxic Wentlooge Formation shows that redox conditions control iron cycling, and that this in turn controls trace metal associations. An important fraction of the trace metals present in the Fe/Mn oxide phase in oxic sediments (such as the Rumney Formation) is remobilised during iron reduction and reprecipitated in other phases such as authigenic carbonates (as in the Wentlooge). Since many metal pollutants are highly redox sensitive, a better understanding of the effects of redox on metal speciation in estuarine M F? Allen, J.R.L.;
Fulford, M.G.; 1987L Romano-British settlement and industry on the wetlands of the Severn Estuary Antiquities 67 Part 2 Archeology; Roman-Britain; Romano-British; Antiquities; Severn; Land Reclamation; wetland; landscape chang n?
David, A.; 2003a Lieutenant Murdoch Mackenzie and his survey of the Bristol Channel and the South Coast of England 69-78 Cartography 40 1 l Mackenzie; survey; Bristol Channel; bathymetry; Topography; hydrography; Ű?d Allen, JRL 2000 Late Flandrian (Holocene) tidal palaeochannels, Gwent Levels (Severn Estuary), SW Britain: character, evolution and relation to shore 353-390 Marine Geology 162 2-4 Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; geology; sediment; stratigraphy; modelling; salt marshes; palaeoenvironments; transgression; hydrodynamics; sea-level;
Climate Ch